🌐 Maps and Globes

A globe is a spherical model of Earth. A map shows all or part of Earth's surface on a flat page.

🧭 Map Components

Title: topic. Key: symbols. Scale: map distance compared with real distance. Compass: direction.

⬆️ Cardinal Directions

North, South, East, and West are the four cardinal directions. On most maps, North is at the top.

🌎 Continents and Oceans

Seven commonly taught continents: Asia, Africa, North America, South America, Antarctica, Europe, and Australia.

Five oceans: Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Southern, and Arctic.

📍 Latitude and Longitude

Latitude measures north or south of the Equator. Longitude measures east or west of the Prime Meridian.

📏 Metric System

1 kilometre = 1,000 metres. 1 metre = 100 centimetres. 1 centimetre = 10 millimetres.

🗺️ Types of Maps

Physical maps show natural features. Political maps show boundaries. Thematic maps show a topic, such as rainfall or population.

🔲 Grid References

Grid lines help locate places. Read across first (eastings), then up (northings), when using a standard grid reference.

🔎 Sources of History

Sources include tools, pottery, buildings, bones, written records, oral histories, coins, and paintings.

🪨 Early Humans

Early humans shaped stone, wood, and bone into tools. Tools helped with cutting food and preparing materials.

🌿 Hunter-Gatherers

Many early communities hunted animals and gathered plants. They often moved to find food and water.

🌾 Farming Begins

Farming crops and keeping animals helped some communities settle, store food, and build villages.

⌛ Timelines

A timeline puts events in chronological order. BCE means Before Common Era and CE means Common Era. A century is 100 years.

🧠 Check the Evidence

Historians compare sources because one source may be incomplete or show only one viewpoint.

🏺 Archaeology

Archaeologists study material remains, such as buildings, tools, pottery, and other objects, to learn about past societies.

📅 Chronology

Chronology means arranging events in the order they happened. Dates and timelines help us understand change over time.

🗺️ Map Checklist

• Read the title.
• Check the key or legend.
• Look at the scale.
• Find the compass direction.
• Read labels carefully.

🏺 History Checklist

• Put events in time order.
• Identify the source.
• Ask what the evidence shows.
• Compare different sources.
• Explain your answer using evidence.

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